We have previously described the architecture of signature microRNA (miRNA) regulatory networks comprising novel bifunctional cancer miRNAs that may play dual roles in the chemoprevention against, and chemoresistance to, various cancers. This mechanism may be partly explained by stress constraints in the cancer cell and/or by temporal or spatial differences in the tumour milieu. We have also described long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)-miRNA regulatory interactions in cancer translational medicine. It follows that a pharmacodynamic/pharmacogenomic (PD/PG) model, which encapsulates both signature chemoresistance miRNAs and/or lncRNAs and the corresponding signal transduction pathways, would be a useful value-addition in combating chemoresistance and augmenting the therapeutic success of cancer chemotherapy.
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